ELISA Kits and Real-World Challenges

17 February 2026

PBL Assay Science addresses critical ELISA challenges by designing kits that overcome interference from molecular complexes, ensuring accurate biomarker quantification in real-world samples.

When it comes to ELISA kits used for the detection of protein biomarkers, one observation we have made at PBL Assay Science, over and over again, is that not all assays are created equal. From our 30+ years of experience designing and manufacturing ELISAs, and from our experience qualifying and running third-party ELISAs for clients, we have identified some common areas of concern with assay design, performance, and characterization, including:

Designs that do not fully account for the biological variability of the analytes of interest
For example, some analytes exist in different isoforms or as part of molecular complexes, which many assays are not optimized to detect.
Lack of sensitivity in quantitation
Ideally, ELISAs should be designed to accurately quantify low concentrations of analytes in healthy-donor samples, to provide a baseline for comparison with disease-state samples.
Inaccurate quantitation in the presence of interfering agents commonly found in real-world samples
Biological compounds in both healthy and disease-state samples can artificially reduce signal, if the assay is not optimized to account for these agents.
Incomplete assay specifications
ELISA specifications should detail both the assay range and the lower limit of quantification (LLOQ), the lowest concentration at which the analyte can be reliably quantified. According to current ICH M10 guidance on bioanalytical assay validation, the LLOQ must be greater than or equal to the lowest point in the calibration curve. Some manufacturers do not qualify their assays in ways that demonstrate reliable and consistent performance, and many manufacturers fail to specify the LLOQ, leading to inconsistencies in data interpretation.

Following are four examples of assay challenges that PBL has addressed in the design of ELISA products.

VeriKine-HS Human IL-15 ELISA Kit (Product #41702)
While most ELISAs measure only free IL-15 or E. coli-expressed IL-15, PBL designed its IL-15 kit to detect both free IL-15 and the IL-15/IL-15Rα complex: the predominant form found in human blood. The kit is designed to detect basal endogenous total IL-15 and IL-15/IL-15Rα complex in healthy donor serum and plasma. 100% of healthy donor serum samples tested exhibited quantifiable IL-15 above LLOQ.

Figure 1. Detection of IL-15/IL15Ra-complex standard. The IL15/IL15R standard is poorly detected (Competitor B) or not detected at all (Competitors A and C).

VeriKine-HS Human IFN-Alpha All-Subtype ELISA Kits (Products #41115 and #41135)
Many researchers recognize that there are 12 human IFN-alpha protein subtypes, but most assays on the market do not detect the full range of subtypes in healthy donors and disease patients, resulting in inaccurate quantification. PBL’s kit is designed to detect all human IFN-alpha subtypes and has been tested with a variety of disease-state serum samples to minimize false-positive and false-negative results. The high sensitivity of this product (10X greater than that of other ELISAs) is particularly useful for discriminating among lower levels of interferon commonly found in human samples.

Figure 2. Levels of Endogenous IFN Alpha Quantified in Sendai Virus Time Course

VeriKine-HS Human IL-22 ELISA Kit (Product #41701)
Many ELISAs struggle to accurately measure free IL-22 in biological samples due to interference from IL-22 Binding Protein (IL-22BP), and many do not measure the low concentrations of IL-22 typically present in healthy-donor and disease-state samples. PBL designed its ELISA to effectively quantify free IL-22 at low concentrations, ensuring accurate measurement in both healthy-donor and disease-state samples.

Competitor A lists ELISA "Sensitivity" as 5.8 pg/mL, which we interpret as the lower limit of detection (LLOD). LLOQ was not provided.
Table 1. PBL and Competitor ELISA Kit Comparison

VeriKine-HS Human IFN-Beta ELISA Kits (Products #41415 and #41435)
Most ELISAs do not measure low levels of IFN-beta present in healthy donors and disease patients. In addition, ELISA results can be artificially depressed if the assays do not measure IFN-beta that is bound to sIFNAR2, a receptor component often present in real-world samples. PBL designed its ELISA to accurately quantify endogenous interferon at low pg/ml levels and in the presences of sIFNAR2. The assay quantifies therapeutic IFN-beta molecules expressed in E. coli and in CHO cells. It has been validated by CROs for use with autoimmune disease sera and for quantifying trademarked IFN-beta therapeutics.